Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has evolved over decades as a therapeutic option for managing overactive bladder (OAB), non-obstructive urinary retention (NOR), and other urological conditions. By modulating bladder and sphincter activity, SNM provides a solution for patients unresponsive to medical or conservative treatments. Advances such as rechargeable and magnetic resonance imaging-compatible devices have enhanced the practicality and effectiveness of SNM. Manufacturers like Axonics® and Medtronic now offer systems that have treated over 300,000 patients globally.

SNM is especially effective for patients with OAB and NOR, though its mechanisms—whether interfering with impaired neural signals or modulating neural circuits—are not fully understood. Two-stage implantation techniques with modern, smaller, and more durable devices have made the procedure less invasive and more patient-friendly. SNM has also shown promise in managing bladder pain syndrome and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Although more research is needed to determine the ideal candidates for SNM, particularly among neurological patients, it is increasingly being used for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis.

Reference: Spilotros M, Gerbasi S, Lasorsa F, et al. Sacral Neuromodulation: Device Improvement and Current Applications in Urology. Medicina. 2024;60(3):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030509